3D modelling is all about creating 3 dimensional object in a digital media especially 3D modelling softwares like Maya, Solidworks, Inventor, Meshmixer, Sculptris, Rhinoceros etc (Sculpteo, 2017). 3D modelling is used by designers, engineers, artists to create a precise models. Now with advanced graphic computer graphics and rendering technologies, 3D modeling has developed to produce virtually realistic models that can be used for entertainment industry and media as well as gaming industry (Um, D, 2016). STL file is the common file used for 3D printing.
Some general types of 3D modelling methods (Sculpteo, 2017):
Polygonal Modelling - 3D space connected by line segments to form polygonal mesh. They are lightweight and visualization is rendered quickly. Blender is one of the software that uses this method. In this method, the coordinates of vertices, edges and faces are manipulated to change the shape of the 3d Models.
Faces - When 3 or more edges meet, a face is form
Edges - Edge is the 2 vertices points connected by lines
Vertices - A point in 3D space
Curve Modelling - generate geometry using curves. It can be both parametric and freeform. This rely on NURBS (Non-uniform rational B-splines) to evaluate surface forms. It has great flexibility and precision in generating shapes (Fabian, 2017).
Curves are drawn and edited by control vertices. This modelling approach is used in automotive and industrial parts.
Digital Sculpting - digital model is treated as modelling clay where user can twist, pull and push the digital model just like sculpture.
Code Driven Modelling- Geometry is generated based on condition set by designer and often uses Autodesk.
Coodinate System
Unique sets of 3 numbers (x,y,z) in 3D space that decides position.
x:horizontal
y:veritcal
z:depth
yaw, pitch and roll are the terms used for rotation at respective axis as shown in diagram above (Worldviz, 2017).
Description of frame
Wireframe
A 3D wireframe model is edge/skeletal represantation of of the 3d image using lines and curves without any fillings (Techopedia, 2017).
Surface Modelling
It is a mathematical method provided in computer-aided design applications for displaying solid- appearing objects. This technique often used in architecturial designs and renderings. This technique make use of B-splines and Beizer mathematical technique. The object cannot be sliced open and can be in asymmetrical (Techopedia.com, 2017).
Solid Modeling
It is the representation of solid parts of the 3d object. The geometrical object made up of wireframes in 2d or 3d. The CAD solid modeling helps the designer to view the designed object as real manufactured product. This technique is widely used in engineering, medical and entertainment field where 3d objects are used to design various products, buildings, devices and characters in movies (Khemani, H, 2008).
Principle of 3D modelling
1. Get reference materials
Figure 3: Reference (Lin Chou Cheng, 2013)
2. Make a model sheet comprised of story, storyboard, character design, environment
3. Start modelling
- Use one of the orthographic viewpoint
- Use a reference image
- Modify a primitive polygon ( cube, cylinder, sphere)
4. Model each element by manipulating vertex, edge, faces
5. Learn the tool and techniques
- Symmetrical object is drawn on only side only and then mirror to the x/ y axis
- Tools used are mesh modelling tool, surface creation tools/ sculpt.
6. Modelling rules
- Simple geometry followed by more geometry
- Subdivison with minimal point to allow easy modelling
- Avoid overlapping geometry
3D principles
- Realism
- Simplification and Details - Simple object with details make it more appeal
- Functionality
- Scale and proportion
- Appeal
- Volume
- Exaggeration
- Weight
Reference:
Um, D, 2016, Solid Modeling and Applications: Rapid Prototyping, CAD and CAE Theory, ebook, Springer, accessed on 3 September 2017, url: https://books.google.com.my/books?id=RAWkCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51&lpg=PA51&dq=terminology+and+principle+of+3d+modelling&source=bl&ots=Q4v6vFq5DY&sig=pZOVxQNUXN-0xrr6aEXXjQ8Q43A&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=terminology%20and%20principle%20of%203d%20modelling&f=false
Sculpteo, 2017, 3D Modelling: Creating 3d objects, sculpteo, accessed on 4th September 2017, url: https://www.sculpteo.com/en/glossary/3d-modeling-definition/
Fabian, 2017, Key 3D Modelling terms Beginners need to know, i.materialise, accessed on 5th September 2017, url: https://i.materialise.com/blog/3d-modeling-terms/
Worldviz, ,2017, Understanding Coordinate System, WorldViz LLC, accessed on 5th September 2017, url: http://docs.worldviz.com/vizard/Old_Book/Understanding_Coordinate_Systems.htm
Khemani, H, 2008, Application of CAD software: What is solid modeling?, brighthubengineering.com, accessed on 5th September 2017, url: http://www.brighthubengineering.com/cad-autocad-reviews-tips/19623-applications-of-cad-software-what-is-solid-modeling/
Some general types of 3D modelling methods (Sculpteo, 2017):
Polygonal Modelling - 3D space connected by line segments to form polygonal mesh. They are lightweight and visualization is rendered quickly. Blender is one of the software that uses this method. In this method, the coordinates of vertices, edges and faces are manipulated to change the shape of the 3d Models.
Faces - When 3 or more edges meet, a face is form
Edges - Edge is the 2 vertices points connected by lines
Vertices - A point in 3D space
Curve Modelling - generate geometry using curves. It can be both parametric and freeform. This rely on NURBS (Non-uniform rational B-splines) to evaluate surface forms. It has great flexibility and precision in generating shapes (Fabian, 2017).
Curves are drawn and edited by control vertices. This modelling approach is used in automotive and industrial parts.
Digital Sculpting - digital model is treated as modelling clay where user can twist, pull and push the digital model just like sculpture.
Code Driven Modelling- Geometry is generated based on condition set by designer and often uses Autodesk.
Coodinate System
Unique sets of 3 numbers (x,y,z) in 3D space that decides position.
x:horizontal
y:veritcal
z:depth
Figure 1: Coordinate system (Worldviz, 2017)
yaw, pitch and roll are the terms used for rotation at respective axis as shown in diagram above (Worldviz, 2017).
Description of frame
Wireframe
A 3D wireframe model is edge/skeletal represantation of of the 3d image using lines and curves without any fillings (Techopedia, 2017).
Figure 2: Wireframe (University of Uteh, 2015)
Surface Modelling
It is a mathematical method provided in computer-aided design applications for displaying solid- appearing objects. This technique often used in architecturial designs and renderings. This technique make use of B-splines and Beizer mathematical technique. The object cannot be sliced open and can be in asymmetrical (Techopedia.com, 2017).
Solid Modeling
It is the representation of solid parts of the 3d object. The geometrical object made up of wireframes in 2d or 3d. The CAD solid modeling helps the designer to view the designed object as real manufactured product. This technique is widely used in engineering, medical and entertainment field where 3d objects are used to design various products, buildings, devices and characters in movies (Khemani, H, 2008).
Principle of 3D modelling
1. Get reference materials
2. Make a model sheet comprised of story, storyboard, character design, environment
3. Start modelling
- Use one of the orthographic viewpoint
- Use a reference image
- Modify a primitive polygon ( cube, cylinder, sphere)
4. Model each element by manipulating vertex, edge, faces
5. Learn the tool and techniques
- Symmetrical object is drawn on only side only and then mirror to the x/ y axis
- Tools used are mesh modelling tool, surface creation tools/ sculpt.
6. Modelling rules
- Simple geometry followed by more geometry
- Subdivison with minimal point to allow easy modelling
- Avoid overlapping geometry
3D principles
- Realism
- Simplification and Details - Simple object with details make it more appeal
- Functionality
- Scale and proportion
- Appeal
- Volume
- Exaggeration
- Weight
(Austincc.edu)
Reference:
Um, D, 2016, Solid Modeling and Applications: Rapid Prototyping, CAD and CAE Theory, ebook, Springer, accessed on 3 September 2017, url: https://books.google.com.my/books?id=RAWkCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51&lpg=PA51&dq=terminology+and+principle+of+3d+modelling&source=bl&ots=Q4v6vFq5DY&sig=pZOVxQNUXN-0xrr6aEXXjQ8Q43A&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=terminology%20and%20principle%20of%203d%20modelling&f=false
Sculpteo, 2017, 3D Modelling: Creating 3d objects, sculpteo, accessed on 4th September 2017, url: https://www.sculpteo.com/en/glossary/3d-modeling-definition/
Fabian, 2017, Key 3D Modelling terms Beginners need to know, i.materialise, accessed on 5th September 2017, url: https://i.materialise.com/blog/3d-modeling-terms/
Worldviz, ,2017, Understanding Coordinate System, WorldViz LLC, accessed on 5th September 2017, url: http://docs.worldviz.com/vizard/Old_Book/Understanding_Coordinate_Systems.htm
Khemani, H, 2008, Application of CAD software: What is solid modeling?, brighthubengineering.com, accessed on 5th September 2017, url: http://www.brighthubengineering.com/cad-autocad-reviews-tips/19623-applications-of-cad-software-what-is-solid-modeling/
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